Objects in R & Python

R and Python are the most preferred languages for Data Science. Both are object oriented languages. Let us talk about the objects used in these languages. Firstly let us talk about the objects. Objects are the entities which store variables. These variables can store the values of different classes. Most common classes are numeric, integers, float, string, logical, and complex numbers.

Objects in R:

1. Vector: Objects which can store the values of same class. 
2. List: Objects which can store the values of different classes. 
3. Matrix: Objects which can store the values of same class in two dimensions.
4. Data Frame: Objects which can store the values of different class in two dimensions.

Objects in Python:

1. List: Objects which can store the values of different classes. 
2. Dictionary: Objects which can store the values of different classes and every value is distinguished with a key.
3. Data Frame (Pandas Library): Objects which can store the values of different class in two dimensions.

Let us take an example and understand this in bit depth. I will take simple example of library catalogue where book information is available. Now how best we can store the information in objects so that we can use them in data analysis. 

Assume data available is book id, book name, author name, release date. Let us take the each object one by one and try to store the information:

Vector: It can store the values of same class in one dimension. So, we have to store the information in four vectors, each for book id, book name, author name, and release date. E.g. book_name = c("The Power of Now", "The Alchemist"...)

List: List can contain different variable classes and it can also contain vectors as well. It can contain all four vectors inside it. E.g. 

cat = list(book_id, book_name, author_name, release_date) (in R)

cat = [book_id, book_name, author_name, release_date] (in Python)

Matrix: It can't be stored in a matrix because class of variables are different.

Data Frame: This is ideal way to store the data and it is my favourite as well. You can think it like a table where we have four columns for each variable. E.g.

cat = data.frame(file) #If file has the text of folder path. 

To store values to objects, we use functions like c, list, data.frame and we are passing argument in these functions. This is the way to assign value to any object. You can think it like the functions you studied in 11th class where y=f(x). y is the object and f is the respective function and x is the argument passed to the function.

Note: In this article, I did not define lot of things and have made it vague so far. As it is my first article. I will update it soon for more specific information.

Narayan Murthy

N. Murthy with Raj in front of Yatris during Jagriti Yatra 2011.

Infosys
Powered by Intellect, driven by values

This blog contains some questions asked by Yatris of Jagriti Yatra 2011 to Narayan Murthy. Guys.... I think introduction of Narayan Murthy is not required anymore. But you will feel this blog, if you'll imagine Narayan Murthy in front of you and emphasis on each word what he said.

Narayan Murthy came to the stage and first statement was from his side was "Entrepreneurship is the only tool to remove poverty, this is the most important thing what I learnt while working in France".

We: Sir, Who is your role model?
Narayan Murthy: My Role Model is Mahatma Gandhi. I follow his all principles. I always has the vision "Be the change what you want to see in the world."

We: Did you have Dark nights? If yes, then how did you solve them?
Narayan Murthy: Everybody has dark nights. Nobody can become successful without failures. Courage was the topmost attribute that I had during dark nights. If you have failures, just do one thing "Make an analysis, write it down, use the ideas and just solve the problem".

We: As punch-line of Infosys is “Powered by intellect, driven by values”. What are the values you follow?
Narayan Murthy: Firstly I would like to tell, you can't run a company long-lasting without values. It binds the team and customers with your company. We follow the values C L I F E ( i.e. Customer, Leadership, Integrity & Transpiration, Fairness and Excellence).


We: What are the needs for Entrepreneurship?

Narayan Murthy: Vision, Idea that differentiates, Value proposition to market, Market must be ready to accept, Team formation, Value System.

We: How do you feel after leaving company?
Narayan Murthy: It is the same feeling when daughter gets married. I gave birth to company then cared it for 20 years. Now it’s time to handover her to another responsible person. :-(


I am not concluding this session. I like you'll conclude it with your comments i.e. what did you learn and how will you be applying this in your life?